Christian Platonists and Christian Neoplatonists

Christian Platonism and Christian Neoplatonism

Christian Platonists and Platonizing Christians in History
The following is a list of Christian philosophers, theologians, and writers with Platonist/Neoplatonist interests or influences. Their main works, and especially those relevant to the topic of Christian Platonist spirituality, are also shown.

Note the literal explosion of interest in Christian Platonism during the Renaissance, followed by a striking absence from 1700 until the 20th century. The latter reflects several factors: the Reformation, the Age of Reason, the Industrial Revolution, and the modern empiricist- materialistic worldview. In a post-modern world we may expect to see Renaissance humanism and mysticism re-emerge, and along with them Platonism and Christian Platonism.

Please also see my Christian Platonism blog.

The Triumph of St. Thomas Aquinas – Benozzo Gozzoli (1471) – St. Thomas flanked by Aristotle (left) and Plato (right)

Contents

Part 1: 60 AD – 700 AD

Apostolic Age

Possible Platonic influence on St. Paul, Gospel of John (e.g., John 1), James, Hebrews (influenced by Philo of Alexandria?), Epistle of Barnabas

Patristic Era

St. Justin Martyr (100 – 165)
     – Dialogue with Trypho
     – On the Soul
     – Discourse to the Greeks

St. Theophilus of Antioch (? – c. 185)
     – Apologia ad Autolycum

St. Irenaeus of Lyons (d. c. 200)
     – Adversus Haereses (Against Heresies)

St. Hippolytus of Rome (d. 235)
     – Refutation of all Heresies

Marcus Minucius Felix? (3rd century)

St. Methodius of Olympus (d. c. 311)

St. Eusebius of Caesarea (c. 263 – c. 339)

Arnobius of Sicca (fl. c. 300; North African)

Lactantius (c. 250 – c. 325; North African; student of Arnobius; Platonist, Epicurean, Stoic influences) [more]

Alexander of Lycopolis (fl. c. 300; Egyptian)
     – Against the Manicheans (PG 18 409–448)

Alexandrian Christianity

Athenagoras of Athens (c. 133 – 190)
     – Apology or Embassy for the Christians
     – Treatise on the Resurrection

St. Clement of Alexandria (c. 150 – c. 215)
     – Stromata (Miscellanies)
     – Protrepticus (Exhortation to the Greeks)

Ammonius Saccas? (d. c. 240; possible Christian; see St. Jerome, On Illustrious Men 55)

Origen (c. 185 – 254; heard Ammonius Saccas?; knew Plotinus?) [IEP]
     – On First Principles (de Principiis)
     – Against Celsus (Contra Celsum)
     – Commentary on the Song of Songs

Heraclas (associate of Origen; auditor of Ammonius Saccas?)

St. Athanasius (c. 293 – 373; Bishop of Alexandria)
     – Contra Gentes (Against the Heathen)
     – De Incarnatione Verbe (On the Incarnation)
     – Orationes contra Arianos (Against the Arians)

Didymus the Blind (Didymus Caecus; c. 313 – c.398)

Cappadocian Fathers (next three)

ST. GREGORY OF NYSSA (c. 335 – c. 394)
     – Life of Moses
     – Commentary on the Song of Songs

St. Basil of Caesarea (c. 329 – 379)
     – On the Hexaemeron (the Six Days of Creation)

St. Gregory of Nazianzus (the Theologian; c. 330 – c. 389)

Evagrius Ponticus (345 – 399) [Dysinger] [Prodromos]
     – On the Thoughts
     – Praktikos
     – Gnostikos
     – Kephalaia Gnostica

Synesius of Cyrene (c. 373 – c. 414; bishop; pupil of Hypatia)
     – The Egyptian Tale (Aegyptus sive de providentia)
     – On Dreams

Nemesius of Emesa (4th century)
     – De Natura Hominis (On Human Nature)

St. Theodoret of Cyrus (c. 393 – c. 457; bishop)

Latin Christian Neoplatonists

Calcidius/Chalcidius? (4th century)
     – Translated the Timaeus

Firmicus Maternus (fl. c. 346)
     – De errore profanarum religionum

Marius Victorinus (c.300 – c.370; translated Porphry; Trinitarian theories) [ Migne Patrologia Latina]

St. Simplician (Simplicianus; ? – 400; friend/mentor of St. Augustine and St. Ambrose)

St. Ambrose of Milan (c. 338 – 397)
     – De Spiritu Sancto (On the Holy Spirit)
     – De mysteriis (On the Mysteries)
     – On Virginity

ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO (354 – 430) [Stanford]
     – Confessions
     – De Trinitate (On the Trinity)
     – De civitate Dei (The City of God)
     – De doctrina Christiana (On Christian Doctrine)

Flavius Mallius Theodorus (fl. 399; friend of St. Augustine; Roman consul)

Favonius Eulogius (fl. 380-400?; taught rhetoric in Carthage)
     – Disputatio de somnio Scipionis

Boethius (St. Severinus Boethius; c. 470 – 524)
     – Consolation of Philosophy
     – Commentary on the Isagoge

Late Greek/Eastern Era Christian Neoplatonists

[Note: compare with Proclus (412 – 485; not Christian)]

School of Gaza

Leontius of Byzantium ('the Hermit'; 475 – 543)

Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (450? – 530?; Syrian?) [Stanford]
     – On the Divine Names
     – Mystical Theology
     – On the Celestial Hierarchy

John of Scythopolis (fl. 540; bishop; early commentator on Pseudo-Dionysius)

Theodore Askidas (or Ascidas; fl. c. 550; archbishop of Caesarea in Cappodocia; Origenst)

Domitian of Ancyra (6th century; Origenist)

Stephen bar Sudaili (fl. 500; Syrian; Origenest; is often associated with Ps.-Dionysius)

John Philoponus (490 – c. 570; Alexandrian/Byzantine; pupil of Neoplatonist Ammonius) [Stanford] [UVA]
     – De opificio mundi
     – De Aeternitate Mundi

Elias (fl. 575?; Alexandrian; pupil of Neoplatonist Olympiodorus)

David (fl. 575?; Alexandrian)

Stephanus of Alexandria (fl. 630?)

St. Maximus the Confessor (c. 580 – 662; influenced by Pseudo-Dionysius)

Theodorus of Raithu (7th century; friend of St. Maximus)

Anastasius Sinaita (7th century)

Pagan and Christian Platonists/Neoplatonists

Note: y-axis does not correspond strictly to pagan/Christian distinction; e.g., Origen (Christian) is placed amongst other Alexandrians; Macrobius (non-Christian?) with other Latins, etc.

Part 2: 701 AD – present

Islamic Middle East

St. John of Damascus (John Damascene; c. 676 – 749)
     – The Fountain of Wisdom

Theodore Ab Qurrah (750 – 820; disciple of St. John of Damascus)

Catholicos Timothy I (Timothy of Bagdhad; 728 – 823; Nestorian)

Al-Bitriq (8th century; Melkite; translated the Timaeus)

Hunayn ibn Ishaq (808 – 837; Nestorian)
     – translated the Timaeus
     – That which ought to be read before Plato's works

School of Baghdad Peripatetics (c. 870 – c. 1023). Muslim and Christian members.

Severus ibn al-Muqaffa (d. 987; Coptic bishop)
     – Lamp of the Intellect
     – Affliction's Physic and the Cure of Sorrows

Middle Ages (East)

Leo the Mathematician (c. 790 – after 869)

Photius (Photios; c. 810 – c. 893; Patriarch of Constantinople)
     – Bibliotecha (Myriobiblon); c. 837/838
     – Lexeon synagoge
     – Amphilochia
     – Diegesis peri tes manichaion anablasteseos (Dissertation Concerning the Reappearance of the Manichæans)

Arethas of Caesarea (c. 860 – c. 944; Arethas of Patras; archbishop of Caesarea; disciple of Photius)
     – commentaries/scholia on Plato's works

John Mauropus (11th century; Constantinople; teacher of Psellus; later metropolitan of Euchaita; wrote poems beseeching God's mercy on Plato and Plutarch, "because both of them in word and character adhere closely to your laws." [Wilson, Scholars of Byzantium, p. 151])

Michael Psellus (11th century; Byzantine; re-introduced Plato; admired Proclus; commented on Aristotle)
     – Explanation of the Platonic Chariot-driving of Souls in the Phaedrus
     – De Operatione Daemonum
     – writings on the Chaldean Oracles

John Italus (Byzantine; student of Psellus)

Eustratius of Nicaea (c. 1060 – 1120; Byzantine; Metropolitan of Nicaea; pupil of Italus; Neoplatonic influenced; commentator on Aristotle) [Stanford]

Michael of Ephesus (12th century; Byzantine; Neoplatonic influenced; commentator on Aristotle) [Stanford]

Theodore Metochites (1270 – 1332; Byzantine)

Nicephoros Gregoras (c. 1295 – 1360; Byzantine; student of Metochites)

St. Gregory Palamas (1296 – 1359; parts of Platonic/Neoplatonic asceticism, via Origen, the Desert and Cappadocian Fathers, Pseudo-Dionysius, etc. becomes absorbed into Hesychasm?)

Middle Ages (West)

John Scotus Eriugena (c. 815 – 877; translated Pseudo-Dionysius) [Stanford]

Adalbold of Utrecht (d. 1026)

St. Anselm of Canterbury (Augustinian; 1033 – 1109) [Stanford] [Hopkins]

William of Champeaux (c. 1070 – 1122; studied with St. Anselm) [Stanford]

Peter Abelard (1079 – 1142) [Stanford] [IEP]

Sources of 12th Century Platonism
Sources of 12th Century Platonism
(right click image for hi-res version)

Timeline of 12th Century Platonists
12th Century Platonists
(right click image for hi-res version)

Suger of Saint Denis (1081 – 1151; studied Ps.-Dionysius; influenced Gothic cathedral architecture)

School of Chartres

Bernard Silvesters (1085 to 1178?; associated with School of Chartres, but is not Bernard of Chartres)
     – Cosmographia

School of St. Victor

Bl. Isaac of Stella (Isaac D'étoile; c. 1100 – c. 1169; France; Cistercian monk; argued for synthesis of Neoplatonic and Aristotelian philosophies) [De Wulf]
     – De anima

Alcher of Clairvaux (12th century) [De Wulf]
     – De spiritu et anima, PL 40 cols. 779-832 (attr. incorrectly)
     – De diligendo Deo (attr.)

Henry Aristippus (fl. 1150; Italian)
     – translated Phaedo and Meno into Latin

John Sarrazin (fl. c.1167)
     – translated works of Pseudo-Dionysius into Latin

Alain de Lille (c. 1128 – 1202; French)

David of Dinant (c. 1160 – c. 1217; influenced by Eriugena)

Amalric of Bene (Amalric of Chartres; Amaury; d. c. 1205; influenced by Eriugena; pantheist theories)

William of Auvergne (c. 1180 – 1249; Bishop of Paris) [Stanford]

The Franciscan School of Paris [more]

Henry of Ghent (c. 1217 – 1293; active in Paris, studied at Cologne school) [Stanford]

William of Moerbeke (c. 1215 – 1286; archbishop; Flemish; translated Proclus, Aristotle)

Henry Bate of Mechelen (1246 – 1310; Flemish; friend of Aquinas, William of Moerbeke)
     – Speculum divinorum et quorundam naturalium

Oxford Franciscan School

Dominican School of Cologne

St. Thomas Aquinas (1225 – 1274) [Stanford]
     – Summa Theologica
     – Commentary on Liber de causis

Witelo (c. 1230 – c. 1300; Polish) [De Wulf]
     – De Intelligentiis

Hugh of Balma (Hugh of Dorche?; fl. 2nd half 13th century) [Hopkins]
     – De Mystica Theologia

Jacopone da Todi (1230 – 1306; Italian, Franciscan; Laude)

Ramon Llull (1232 – 1315; Neoplatonist ideas; syncretic)

English Mystics

Renaissance

Figures associated with Florentine Platonism and Italian Renaissance Platonism - copyright (c) John Uebersax

Petrarch (1304 – 1374)

Coluccio Salutati (1331 – 1406; Florentine; encouraged Platonic revival; recruited Chrysoloras)

George Gemistus Pletho (or Plethon; c. 1355 – 1450; Greek monk; visited Florence in 1439)
     – De differentiis Platonis et Aristotelis (c. 1440)
     – countered by anti-Platonist George Scholarius (Patriarch Gennadios II), Antilepseis hyper
       Aristotelous (Defence of Aristotle; 1444 [Hankins, p. 208])

Manuel Chrysoloras (c. 1355 – 1415; Byzantine; student of Pletho; taught Greek in Italy [Florence, 1397-1400])
     – translated the Republic and many other dialogues

Uberto Decembrio (c. 1370 – 1427; Milan; student of Chrysoloras)
     – helped translate the Republic

Roberto de' Rossi (?; circle of Salutati; pupil of Chrysoloras; tutor of Cosimo de' Medici)

Guarino da Verona (1374 – 1460; pupil of Chrysoloras; Venice and Florence)

Giacomo da Scarparia (fl. c. 1406; associate of Chrysoloras and Guarino)

Leonardo Bruni (1370 – 1444; Florentine; pupil of Chrysoloras; translated several of Plato's works to Latin)
     – Phaedo (1405)
     – Letters (1411)
     – part of the Phaedrus (1424)
     – Crito and the Apology (two redactions, both before 1427)
     – Alcibiades' speech (215a-222a) from Symposium (c. 1435)

Niccolò de' Niccoli (1364 – 1437; Florentine intellectual; friend/patron of Bruni)

Giovanni Aurispa (1376 – 1459; brought numerous Greek works from Constantinople to Italy [1423] including all of Plato, all of Plotinus, all of Proclus, and much of Iamblichus)

Vittorino da Feltre (1378 – 1446; humanist, educator)

Ambrogio Traversari (1386 – 1439; taught by Chrysoloras; twice prior of the Camaldolese community of Santa Maria degli Angeli in Florence, twice vicar general of the Camaldolese order)
     – translated Diogenes Laertius' Lives, including Vita Platonis...
     – (this was the first biography of Plato in Western Europe)
     – translated Gregory of Nyssa, Origen, Aeneas of Gaza, Pseudo-Dionysius

Traversari's students showed varying degrees of Platonic interest/influence:

Cosimo de' Medici (1389 – 1464; founded Florentine Academy, placing Ficino as head)

George of Trebizond (1395 – 1486; anti-Platonist)
     – Comparatio Aristotelis et Platonis (1450)

Francesco Filelfo (1398 – 1481; student of John Chrysoloras, the nephew of Manuel)
     – translated three of the Letters (1430s)
     – translated Euthyphro (1430s)

Julian Cesarini (1398 – 1444; cardinal; friend Traversari [and Plethon?])

Pietro Candido Decembrio (1399 – 1477; Milan; son of Uberto)
     – revised translation of the Republic (late 1430s)
     – translated Lysis (1456)

Nicolas of Cusa (1401 – 1464; cardinal; German) [Hopkins]
     – De Sapientia (On Wisdom)
     – De Mente (On the Mind)
     – De Docta Ignorantia (Of Learned Ignorance)
     – De Visione Dei (On the Vision of God)

Denis the Carthusian (Dionysius of Riche; Denys van Leeuwen; 1402 – 1471; associate of Nicolas of Cusa)
     – Commentary on Dionysius Areopagite

Cardinal Basilios Bessarion (1403 – 1472)
     – countered George of Trebizond with In Calumniatorem Platonis (Against the Slanderer
        of Plato; 1459)

Leon Battista Alberti (1404 – 1472; priest, member of Florentine Academy)

Sassolo da Prato (c. 1416 – 1449; pupil of da Feltre)

Giovanni Andrea Bussi (Johannes Andreas de Buxis; 1417 – 1475; bishop, editor, publisher)
     – with Nicolas of Cusa edited William of Moerbeke's translation of Proclus' Expositio in Parmenidem

John Doget (c. 1430? – 1501; English; priest)
     – Commentary on Phaedo

MARSILIO FICINO (1433 – 1499; translated Plato, Plotinus, Iamblichus, Pseudo- Dionysius, Hermetica, Chaldean Oracles; priest; headed Florentine Platonic Academy)
     – Platonic Theology
     – De Amore (Commentary on the Symposium)
     – Commentary on Phaedrus
     – The Christian Religion
     - The Book of the Sun (De Sole)

Lorenzo de' Medici (1449 – 1492; grandson of Cosimo; patron/pupil of Ficino)

Paolo Orlandini (? – 1519; prior of S. Maria degli Angeli monastery in Florence [1487-1498]; later vicar general of Camaldolese order; supported Ficino's teaching/lectures at monastery; friend of Giovanni Pico della Mirandola)
     – De virtute
     – De substantia animae et de ipsius immortalitate
     – Gymnastica monachorum (describes the 'Camaldolese Academy' at S. Maria degli Angeli)
     – Canto de immortalitate de anime
     – Guido di Lorenzo d'Antonio

Vincenzo Quirini (Pietro; Camaldolese; influenced by Orlandini)

Tommaso Giustiniani (Paolo; Camaldolese; influenced by Orlandini)

Giovanni Corsi (disciple/biographer of Ficino)

Girolamo Benivieni (1453 – 1542)

Angelo Poliziano (1454 – 1494; Florentine)
     – Translator of Plato

Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples (c. 1455 – 1536; French; friend of Ficino and Giovanni Pico; Platonist interests)

Johann Reuchlin (1455 – 1522)
     – De Verbo Mirifico (1494)
     – De Arte Cabbalistica (1517).

Francesco Giorgi (1460 – 1540; Franciscan; Cabalist, Neoplatonist)
     – De harmonia mundi totius

Pietro Pomponazzi (1462 – 1525; Aristotelean with Neoplatonic and Stoic interests) [Stanford]

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463 – 1494)
     – Oration on the Dignity of Man (1486)
     – 900 Theses

Desiderius Erasmus? (1466 – 1536)

Francesco Cattani da Diacceto (1466 – 1522; pupil of Ficino; from 1502 taught at the University of Florence; center of Florentine intellectual circle that met at the Orti Oricellari in first two decades of 16th century)
     – De pulchro (1499)
     – De amore (1508)
     – Panegyricus in amorem
     – commento al Simposio di Platone
     – Paraphrasis in libros IV de Coelo

Francesco de' Vieri (1474-1541; il Verino; member of the Diacceto's school; continued the official tradition of Ficinian Platonism; professor of philosophy in Florence/Pisa)
     – De pulchritudine et amore

John Colet (ca. 1467 – 1519; priest; brought Italian Platonism to England)

Symphorien Champier (1471 – 1539; brought Italian Platonism to France)

Pietro Bembo (1470 – 1547; Italian cardinal; literary reformer)

St. Thomas More (1478 – 1535; friend of John Colet)
     – Utopia (1515)

Agostino Nifo (c. 1473 – c. 1540; Aristotelian influenced by Ficino and Neoplatonism)
     - De immortalitate animi (1518 and 1524)
     - De intellectu et daemonibus

Baldassare Castiglione (1478 – 1529)

Giles of Viterbo (1469 – 1532; cardinal; Italian)

Girolamo Seripando (1493 – 1563; cardinal; Italian)

Margaret of Navarre (1492 – 1549; Queen of Navarre, writer, intellectual)

Agostino Steuco (1497 – 1548; priest)
     – De perenni philosophia (The Perennial Philosophy)

Philipp Melanchthon (1497 – 1560; Lutheran)

Francesco de' Vieri (1524 – 1591; il Verino secondo; grandson of il Verino; taught philosophy at University of Pisa from 1553)
     – Compendio della dotrina di Platone in quello che elle e conforme con la fede nostra (Compendium of Platonic Teachings Which are in Conformity with the Christian Faith; Florence, 1589)
     – Discorso del soggetto, del numero, dell'uso et della dignità et ordine degl'habiti dell'animo (Discourse on the Subject, Number, Use and Dignity and on the Kind of Vestments of the Spirit; Firenze, 1568)
     – Lezzioni d'amore (Lessons on Love; a commentary on Cavalcanti)
     – Discorso intorno ai demonii (1576)

Francesco Patrizi (1529 – 1597)
     – Nova de universis philosophia (1591)

Jean de Serres (Serranus; 1540 – 1597; Huguenot; anti-Neoplatonist; made new Latin translation of Plato's works [Stephanus 1578 edition])

John Case (1546 – 1600; English; Aristotelian with Platonic/Neoplatonic interests)

Giordano Bruno (1548 – 1600)

Edmund_Spenser (1552/1553 – 1599)
     – The Faerie Queene
     – Fowre Hymnes (Four Hymns)
     – Mutabilitie Cantos

Tommaso Campanella (1568 – 1639; Dominican priest) [Stanford]
     – Metaphysica
     – The City of the Sun

Francesco Piccolomini (1582 – 1651; Jesuit Superior General; Aristotelean with Platonic and Stoic interests)

Christian Mysticism

Most medieval, Renaissance, and later Christian mysticism was strongly influenced by Platonism via Pseudo-Dionysius [Figure]. Major traditions and representatives include the following:

For an excellent summary of these traditions see this article.

Christian Esotericism

Renaissance esotericists influenced by Platonism and Neoplatonism – copyright (c) John Uebersax

Jacob Boehme (1575 – 1624), Christian theosophists (Faivre 2006 gives extensive discussion), Christian Cabalists (Scholem, 1997; Yates, 1979) and esotericists, and the early Rosicrucians (Yates, 1972), show clear Neoplatonic/Neopythagorean influences.

Thomas Jackson (1579 – 1640; English theologian)

Timeline of Cambridge Platonists and Metaphysical Poets
Cambridge Platonists and Metaphysical Poets
(right click image for hi-res version)

English Metaphysical poets (e.g., John Donne; to be added)

Cambridge Platonists

Jeremy Taylor (1613 – 1667)

Louis Thomassin (1619 – 1695; French)

THOMAS TRAHERNE (1636/7 – 1674; English)

Nicolas Malebranche (1638 – 1715; French) [Stanford]

Giambattista Vico (1668 – 1744; Naples) [Stanford]
     – Le orazioni inaugurali (Six Inaugural Orations, On Humanstic Education;1699-1707)
     – De antiquissima Italorum sapientia ex linguae originibus eruenda librir tres (On the Most Ancient Wisdom of the Italians Unearthed from the Origins of the Latin Language; 1710)
     – Scienza nuova (1725)

George Berkeley (1685 – 1753; Anglo-Irish bishop) [Stanford] [IEP]
     – Siris (1744)

Henry (Harry) Spens (c. 1714 – 1787; Scottish cleric)
     – Republic (1763; first English version; repr. 1922)

Jean Nicolas Grou (1731 – 1803; French; Jesuit priest; spiritual writer, translator)
     – Republic (1762; 2 vols.) vol 1 vol 2
     – Laws (1769; 2 vols.) vol 1 vol 2
     – Dialogues (1770; 2 vols.) Theataetus, Protagoras, Hippias 1, Hippias 2, Gorgias, Ion, Philebus, Meno

Joseph Joubert (1754 – 1824)

Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768 – 1834; philosopher, critic, translator) [Stanford]

Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772 – 1834; philosopher, poet, critic)
     – Aids to Reflection (1825)

August Neander (1789 – 1850; Calvinist pastor)

American Transcendentalists and Unitarians

Virtually the entire New England Transcendentalist movement could be seen as Christian Neoplatonism. The Transcendentalists were strongly influenced by Cambridge Platonism, and also by Coleridge. Although some Transcendentalists (Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry Thoreau, Margaret Fuller) made a public break with institutional Christianity, they remained, we might say, strongly 'culturally Christian.' Others in the movement retained a formal Christian affiliation (e.g., James Marsh, Frederic Henry Hedge, Caleb Sprague Henry). See Frothingham (1876), Wells (1943), Uebersax (2013a,b).

Christian Platonism is also very much in evidence within Christian Unitarianism, a movement with close connections to New England Transcendentalism (e.g., William Ellery Channing, Edward Tyrrel Channing, James Walker, James Freeman Clarke, Andrew Preston Peabody, Abiel A. Livermore, Octavius B. Frothingham). See Howe (1988/1997).

Going back even earlier in American history, a plausible argument could be made that Jonathan Edwards was a Christian Platonist.

Modern Christian Platonists

Otto Willmann (1839 – 1920)
     – Geschichte des Idealismus (The History of Idealism), 3 volumes: v1 v2 v3

William Ralph Inge (1860 – 1954)
     – Platonic Tradition in English Religious Thought

Paul Elmer More (1864 – 1937)
     – The Religion of Plato (1921)

Alfred Edward Taylor (1869 – 1945)

Jacques Maritain (1882 – 1973) [Stanford]
     – The Degrees of Knowledge

Pavel Florensky (1882 – 1937)
     – The Pillar and Ground of the Truth (1924)

Raphael Demos (1892 – 1968)
     – The Philosophy of Plato (1939)

Alexei Losev (1893 – 1988)
     – The Dialectics of Myth (1930)

Simone Weil (1909 – 1943)

Vladimir Lossky? (1903 – 1958)
     – The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church

Karl Rahner, S.J. (1904 – 1984)

Hans Urs von Balthasar (1905 – 1988)

Joseph Pieper (1904 – 1997)

A. H. Armstrong (1909 – 1997)

Robert Earl Cushman (1913 – 1993)
      – Therapeia: Plato's Conception of Philosophy

20th Century French Neoplatonism

Pope Benedict XVI (Joseph Ratzinger; 1927 – )
      – doctoral research on St. Augustine, Plotinus, and Porphyry

Douglas Hedley (1961 – )
      – Coleridge, Philosophy and Religion

Acknowledgments

The helpful suggestions of Michael Chase and Dennis Clark are gratefully acknowledged.

Bibliography

Allen, Michael J. B.; Rees, Valery; Davies, Martin (eds.). Marsilio Ficino: His Theology, His Philosophy, His Legacy. Leiden 2002.

Armstrong, A. Hilary. St. Augustine and Christian Platonism. St. Augustine Lecture of 1966, Villanova University.

Armstrong, Arthur H. (ed.), The Cambridge History of Later Greek and Early Medieval Philosophy, Cambridge 1967 (repr. with corrections 1970).

Biggs, Charles. The Christian Platonists of Alexandria. Oxford, 1886 (2nd ed. 1913).

Bitton-Ashkelony; Bruria; Kofsky, Arieh (eds.). Christian Gaza in Late Antiquity. Leiden, 2004.

Cassirer, Ernst. The Platonic Renaissance in England, 1953.

Chenu, Marie-Dominique. The Platonisms of the Twelfth Century. In: M-D Chenu, Nature, Man, and Society in the Twelfth Century. (Trs. Jerome Taylor & Lester K. Little). University of Toronto, 1997; University of Chicago, 1968. (Originally published as La théologie au douzième siècle, J. Vrin, 1957).

Cherniss, Harold Fredrik. The Platonism of Gregory of Nyssa. Berkeley, 1930 (repr. New York, 1971).

Celenza, Christopher S. The revival of Platonic philosophy. In: James Hankins (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Renaissance Philosophy. Cambridge 2007, pp. 72–96.

Coulter, Dale. Pseudo-Dionysius in the Twelfth Century Latin West. ORB: Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies. 1997.

De Wulf, Maurice. History of Medieval Philosophy. London, 1909.

Egan, Harvey D. An Anthology of Christian Mysticism. Collegeville, MN, 1991.

Faivre, Antoine. Christian Theosophy. In: Wouter J. Hanegraaff (ed.). Dictionary of Gnosis and Western Esotericism. Leiden, 2006, pp. 258–267.

Festugière, André Jean. Contemplation et vie contemplative selon Platon. Paris: Vrin, 1950.

Field, Arthur. The Origins of the Platonic Academy of Florence. Princeton, 1988 (repr. 2014).

Field, Arthur. The Platonic Academy of Florence. In: Michael J. B. Allen, Valery Rees, Martin Davies (eds.), Marsilio Ficino: His Theology, His Philosophy, His Legacy. Leiden 2002, pp. 359–376.

Frothingham, Octavius B. Transcendentalism in New England. New York, 1876.

Garin, Eugenio. History of Italian philosophy, Volume 1. (Giorgio A. Pinton, tr.). Rodopi, 2008.

Gaul, Leopold. Alberts des Grossen Verhaltnis zu Plato. Munster, 1913.

Geoghegan, William D. Platonism in Recent Religious Thought. New York, 1958.

Gersh, Stephen. Middle Platonism and Neoplatonism: the Latin Tradition. (2 Vols.). Notre Dame, IN, 1986.

Gersh, Stephen. From Iamblichus to Eriugena. Leiden, 1978.

Gersh, Stephen; Hoenen, Maarten J. F. M.(eds.). The Platonic Tradition in the Middle Ages. Berlin, 2002.

Gerson, Lloyd (ed.). The Cambridge History of Philosophy in Late Antiquity. Cambridge, 2010.

Hankey, Wayne J. Neoplatonism and Contemporary French Philosophy. Dionysius 23 (2005): 161-190.

Hankins, James (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Renaissance Philosophy. Cambridge, 2007.

Hankins, James. Plato in the Italian Renaissance, 2 vols. Leiden, 1990.

Hankins, James. Plato in the Middle Ages. In: J. Strayer, Dictionary of the Middle Ages, vol. IX, New York, 1987, pp. 694-704.

Hooker, Richard. Renaissance Neoplatonism. 1996. Accessed: 20 December 2014 from < hermetic.com >

Howe, Daniel Walker. The Cambridge Platonists of Old and New England. Church History, Vol. 57, No. 4 (Dec., 1988), pp. 470-485. (Reprinted as Ch. 7, The Platonic Quest in New England, in: Daniel Walker Howe, Making the American Self, Oxford University Press, 1997 [repr. 2009]; pp. 189-211.)

Inge, William R. The Platonic Tradition in English Religious Thought. London, 1926.

von Ivánka, Endre. Plato Christianus: Übernahme und Umgestaltung des Platonismus durch die Väter, 1964. (French version: Plato christianus: la réception critique du platonisme chez les Pères de l'Église, Elisabeth Kessler-Slotta, Rémi Brague, Jean-Yves Lacoste, trs., 2005)

Jayne, Sears Reynolds. Plato in Renaissance England. Dordrecht, 1995.

Kessler, Eckhard. The Intellective Soul. In: Charles B. Schmitt, Quentin Skinner, Eckhard Kessler, Jill Kraye (eds.), The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy, Ch. 15 (pp. 485–534). Cambridge, 1988.

Klibanski, Raymond. The Continuity of the Platonic Tradition During the Middle Ages, 1939 [reprinted 1950/1984].

Klibansky, Raymond. "The School of Chartres". M. Clagett, G. Post and R. Reynolds (eds.), Twelfth-century Europe and the Foundations of Modern Society, 1961 (repr. 1966, idem, Plato’s Parmenides in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, Mediaeval and Renaissance Studies, I, ii, 1943.

Khoury, George. The Arabic Christian Literature. Accessed 20 December 2014 from < http://www.al-bushra.org/arbhrtg/arbxtn01.htm >.

Kretzmann, Norman; Kenny, Anthony; Pinborg, Jan (eds.), The Cambridge History of Later Medieval Philosophy: 1100–1600. Cambridge, 1982 (repr. 1988).

Kristeller, Paul O. Byzantine and Western Platonism in the Fifteenth Century. In: Paul O. Kristeller, Renaissance Thought and Its Sources, New York, 1979, pp. 150–163.

Lackner, Dennis F. The Camaldolese Academy: Ambrogio Traversari, Marsilio Ficino and the Christian Platonic Tradition. In: Michael J. B. Allen, Valery Rees, Martin Davies (eds.), Marsilio Ficino: His Theology, His Philosophy, His Legacy. Leiden 2002, pp. 15-44.

Little, Arthur. The Platonic Heritage of Thomism. Dublin, 1949.

Louth, Andrew. The Origins of the Christian Mystical Tradition: From Plato to Denys. Oxford, 1983 (repr. 2003).

Macy, Gary. A Guide to Thirteenth Century Theologians. Accessed 23 July 2009 from < http://home.sandiego.edu/~macy/>. (Site down as of 2014; see archived pages.)

Marenbon, John. Platonism: The Early Middle Ages. In: Stephen Gersh, Maarten J. F. M. Hoenen (eds.), The Platonic Tradition in the Middle Ages, Berlin, 2002, pp. 67–92.

Markus, R. A. Marius Victorinus and Augustine. In A. H. Armstrong (ed.), The Cambridge History of Later Greek and Early Medieval Philosophy, Cambridge, 1970, Chs. 20-27 (pp. 327–420).

Nelson, John Charles. Platonism in the Renaissance In: Philip P. Wiener (ed.), The Dictionary of the History of Ideas, vol. 3. New York, 1973-74.

O'Meara, Dominic J. (ed.). Neoplatonism and Christian Thought. Albany, 1982.

Pasnau, Robert (ed.). The Cambridge History of Medieval Philosophy, 2 vols. Cambridge, 2009.

Pasnau, Robert. Provisionalia - Index Librorum Scholasticorum (Scholastic philosophers and their works). < http://www.colorado.edu/philosophy/provisionalia/ > Accessed: 26 July 2009.

Rabil Jr., Albert. Humanism 1: An Outline. Accessed 20 December 2014 from < http://www.globaled.org > .

Scholem, Gershom. The Beginnings of the Christian Kabbalah. In: Joseph Dan (ed.), The Christian Kabbalah: Jewish Mystical Books and Their Christian Interpreters. Cambridge, MA, 1997.

Sharp, D. E. Franciscan Philosophy at Oxford in the Thirteenth Century. Oxford: 1930.

Sheldon-Williams, I. P. The Greek Christian Platonist Tradition from the Cappadocians to Maximus and Eriugena. In A. H. Armstrong (ed.), The Cambridge History of Later Greek and Early Medieval Philosophy, Cambridge, 1970. Chs. 28–34 (pp. 421–537).

Southern, Richard W. Humanism and the School of Chartres. In: Richard W. Southern, Medieval Humanism and Other Studies, New York, 1970, pp. 61—85.

Southern, Richard W. The Schools of Paris and the School of Chartres. In: Robert L. Benson and Giles Constable (eds.), Renaissance and Renewal in the Twelfth Century, Cambridge, MA, 1982, pp. 173–200;

Tyler, W. S. Platonism and Christianity. In Philip Schaff (ed.), A Religious Encyclopaedia or Dictionary of Biblical, Historical, Doctrinal, and Practical Theology, 3rd ed, Vol. 3. New York, 1894 (pp.1850–1853).

Uebersax, John. S. (ed.) Frederic Henry Hedge on Emerson's relationship to Christianity (excerpts from the Christian Examiner, 1845). March 2013(a).

Uebersax, John. S. Emerson the Platonist. 2013(b). < http://satyagraha.wordpress.com/2013/04/03/emerson-the-platonist/ > Accessed 1 May 2013. (See references therein.)

Underhill, Evelyn. Mysticism. 12th ed. New York: Dutton, 1930 (1st ed. 1911).

Versluis, Arthur. Platonic Mysticism: Contemplative Science, Philosophy, Literature, and Art. Albany: SUNY Press, 2017.

Walker, Daniel Pickering. The Ancient Theology: Studies in Christian Platonism from the Fifteenth to Seventeenth Century. Ithaca, 1972.

Wells, Ronald V. Three Christian Transcendentalists. New York, 1943

Wetherbee, Winthrop. The School of Chartres. In: Jorge J. E. Gracia; Timothy B. Noone, A Companion to Philosophy in the Middle Ages. Oxford, 2002 (pp. 36–44).

Wilson, Nigel G. From Byzantium to Italy: Greek Studies in the Italian Renaissance. Baltimore, 1992.

Wilson, Nigel G. Scholars of Byzantium. Baltimore, 1983 (revised ed.; Duckworth, 1996)

Yates, Frances A. The Rosicrucian Enlightenment. London, 1972 (repr. 1999, 2013).

Yates, Frances A. The Occult Philosophy in the Elizabethan Age. London, 1979 (repr. 1999, 2003).

Home   >   Psychology and Religion   >   Religion   >   This article

Share/Bookmark

Copyright © – John Uebersax PhD

Orig. 04 Apr 2008
Latest rev. 4 Aug 2021 (School of St. Victor)